DEFINITION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE:

The definition of "Artificial Intelligence” (Ai)  or (AI) can be a little confusing. However, here is an Ai definition that is both accurate and easily understood:

“Ai IS THE SIMULATION OF ANY INTELLIGENT TASK”...

(1) that involves Ai hardware and/or Ai software operations; 

(2) that mimics human brain processes;

(3)  that involves learning ; and
(4)  that makes decisions based on clean data .

Ai is a subset of Data Science. Data Science is a subset of Computer Science. 

Ai (as a subset of Data Science) is the ability of  a machine  and/or of computer software/firmware programs  to  find, assemble, process, calculate, translate, think, reason, learn, problem-solve, identify risks, create speech recognition, develop human-like speech generation, incorporate feedback, remember,  reduce errors, exercise continuous improvement, and potentially act (to some extent). It could be performing in a manner that some people would consider it as ... "intelligent. 

PROFESSOR JOHN McCARTHY - Ai FOUNDER;

The term "Artificial intelligence" dates back to about the mid-1950's. About  1956. Ai was first named and identified by this legendary computer scientist at Stanford University who developed time-sharing, invented LISP, and founded the field of Artificial Intelligence. (Check out his web site at: http://jmc.stanford.edu/ )

ROCK & ROLL:

(The mid 1950's were famous for the development of creative  "Rock & Roll" music.  Remember Chuck Berry, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis, Bo Diddley, Elvis,  Buddy Holly, Johnny Cash, Connie Francis, etc, etc? (FYI - Little Richard was the King of Rock & Roll). They  also  were bursting in on the music scene in the mid-1950's.  So, it was only fitting for that time period to also be the time  of the start of development of creative Ai.

INTENDED BENEFITS vs UNINTENDED OR UNPLANNED RSULTS

Artificial Intelligence (Ai) systems will play a major role in every aspect of life on earth.  It will change the world in which we live.  AI  will improve the speed, accuracy, efficiency, and safety of human decision making. However,  it will carry the risks of some unintended or unplanned results. 

In fact, AI may turn out to be a greater world problem than any of the future concerns, threats, and risks such as: nuclear security, uncontrolled radiation, climate change, civil unrest, chemical - biological warfare, terrorism, cyber-security, asteroid impact, loss of coral and plankton,  alien visitors, locus invasion. destroyed food supply, bacteria and virus threats, power grid  destruction, ozone depletion, massive extortion schemes,  of internet,  poverty, hunger, lowering  water supply, air pollution, sanitation, water shortage, water pollution, nuclear waste, de-forestation, lack of education, loss of rain forests, "Disclosure" (in the ET meaning) , failure of monetary system, world-wide bankruptcy, and so forth. The list continues on and on.

Is it possible that Ai will be an "existential" event once Ai reaches the human /general / conscious / super level and beyond? ( Let me know what you think about such an Ai  event. (Johnny@JohnnyAttorney.com)
 

PROGRESS ALWAYS COMES AT A COST

It seems like progress always comes at a cost. For example, paper fundamentally changed the way information was stored and distributed, but its production contributes to de-forestation.  Industrialization increased our standard of living, but has led to much pollution and social ills.

The benefits brought by the internet are too many to mention, however, ransoms,  misinformation, false-truth, erosion of privacy, scams, election interference, hackers, pornography, dark web, terrorists, human traffic facilitation, and other methods are all unintended consequences. Not even medicine is free from unintended side effects.

Rarely at the time when:  (1) Ai is either created; or later (2) when  Ai is implemented, does one truly know all of its possible uses or what good or harm will finally come of it. Understanding this, it is extremely important one ought to analyze  the applicable Ai consequences  issues deeply before taking on an unintended bad consequence Ai type project.

The results of Artificial Intelligence (AI) properly combined with Human Intelligence (HI) are greater than the sum of their parts.  

For the purposes this article ... AI + HI = Augmented AI (or AAI). 

AAI could make more accurate data-driven decisions in all sectors including  science and business. It highlights the connectivity  between human and machine. Rather than replacing people, AAI improves our intelligence and decision-making ability.

AAI improves human decision-making by: (1) by handling huge amounts of data that would overpower a human decision-maker; and (2) removing factors that can misinterpret data, including bias, fatigue, and distraction. 

One of the most popular and effective methods of using AI is to augment the AI with human intelligence (HI).  AI can be used to assist the real live  worker, not replace that person. 

There’s nothing that prescribes that AI can only be used in an automated way, replacing people. AI itself is a mechanized way of simulating human thought. 

In Wikipedia it states that the  term “artificial intelligence” is applied when a machine mimics “cognitive” functions that humans associate with other human minds, such as “learning” and “problem-solving”.  AAI is something that doesn’t oppose AI. AAI is a way we’re going to use AI in real life situations.  AAI refers to the result of combining HI and AI.

AI’s lack of values, morality, empathy, ethics, wisdom, common sense, humor and a sense of right and wrong  are regarded as important issues. Some say that we should first add layers of values, morality, empathy, ethics, wisdom, common sense, humor, and a sense of right and wrong  to the systems. Why do we need such layer’s systems? It is because we make decisions not just based on rational thinking but also values, morality, empathy, ethics, wisdom, common sense, humor.  and a sense of right and wrong , humor a  — all things that machines don’t inherently have.

So, we need humans/HI to add that personal touch to the decisions.

Also, there is an important additional somewhat cultural aspect when using AI. The AI technological innovation changes the way people perceive their environment and has profound effects on their behavior and attitudes. When you implement AI-based systems in your organization, your employees will behave differently. It does  not imply that they will obstruct or abuse AI.  It mean that they will probably adapt to the new AI assistant using AAI. Maybe they’ll just trust the decisions AAI makes because you, in your wisdom, thought it would benefit their work.  

Here are eight interesting AI and AAI operational questions:

1. If AI overtakes our reasoning and decision making, we tend  to  lose  valuable experience and knowledge. Do we want to do that?

2. When we are only there to supervise and be exception handlers, we’re like operators in a nuclear plant – only when something goes wrong, humans should step in and overrule the automated systems.  Drills and simulations may help them to prepare for eventualities. 

3.  When the learning capabilities of AI make the system better and better, can we keep up with it? 

4. We have to think of the role of the human in the augmented (AAI) processes. 

5. Is the human there to check the decisions? 

6. Is the human there to overlook the ethical, moral, and other consequences of computer-based decisions? 

7. Is the human there only for the exceptions? 

8. Is the human there just to add empathy when interacting with clients or other users? 

However one may answer these eight operational questions, they tend to help one to see how AAI is operationally better that just AI.

In the long run, AI will not be replacing many  people. AAI improves our intelligence and decision-making ability. AAI improves human decision-making by: (1) by handling huge amounts of data that would overpower a human decision-maker; and (2) removing factors that can misinterpret data, including bias, fatigue, and distraction.

The results of Artificial Intelligence (AI)  will be greater than the sum of their parts. For the purposes this article ... AI + HI = Augmented AI (or AAI).  AAI could make more accurate data-driven decisions in all sectors including  science and business. It highlights the connectivity  between human and machine. 

HERE  ARE THREE  LISTS (A,B, and  C) THAT I HAVE ASSEMBLED THAT  MAY BE USEFUL IN  EVALUATING AI / ML:

LIST A:_ - THE POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF AI / ML:

1. Humans will be safer during disasters;

2. Better care will be made for the aging;

3. It will result in more independence for the elderly;

4. It will result in a reduction of traffic accidents;

5. It could become a tightly coupled cognitive unit with humans;

6. AI can augment our brain;

7. AI can augment our bodies;

8. It can make humans better at everything;

9. It will result great improvements to orthotics;

10. There will be wide applications to exoskeletons;

11. There will be great Improvements to human senses (vision, hearing, smell, touch, etc.);

12. AI can help to solve climate change

13. AI can quickly review millions of pages of documents for many purposes such as assisting with medical research, legal research, biological research, space research, etc.

14. AI can help to cure diseases; ,

15. AI will greatly assist with space travel;

16. It will improve internet access;

17. Use of robots will be powered by AI in homes;

18. There will be wide-spread embedding of AI;

19. It will prevent environmental catastrophes;

20. It will result in the creation of more free time for humans to be more creative;

21. AI improves the ability to help customers;

22. Improves e-commerce;

23. Improves chat boxes.;

24. It will result in better fact based and evidence-based decisions and with fewer mistakes;

25. AI will assist humans with Augmented Artificial Intelligence;

26. It will help compose music.

27. It will improve gaming and media;

28. It will help in the hospitality and restaurant business;

29. AI will improve the back office;

30. AI will be used to assist bank loan determination;

31. It will clearly assist in fraud determination;

32. AI will assist in ancestry research;

33. AI will serve as an enabler;

34. There will be a potential with AI for wide-spread access and use of open-source AI world-wide;

35. With AI airlines will save money annually on fuel savings in-flight and during take-off and landing (such as Quanta s Airlines saving $40M in 2018) due to AI;

36. It will assist air traffic control to improve safety, efficiency, and decision making;

37. Use of AI and ML will be made by those in the oil and gas business to address safety, exploration, discovery, drilling, production, analysis, and distribution.

38. Use of AI and ML can enhance sales by (1) achieving real time data analysis, (2) handling routine repetitive processes, (3) improving customer support, (4) cutting costs, and (5) improving quality.

39. AI will greatly assist the USA with its space craft landings on the planet Mars;

LIST B: SOME OF THE POTENTIAL RISKS AND THREATS OF AI:

Here are numerous risks and threats that arise out of the use of AI including Machine Learning (ML), Deep Learning (DL), Robotics, Robot Vision (RV), Internet of Things (IoT), Signal Processing (SP), Neural Networks (NN), Natural Language (NL) and Unstructured Data (UD) or Dark Data (DD) that need to be anticipated and analyzed:

1. If a motor vehicle accident involves AI, trying to find the liable party is difficult and confusing (i.e. an autonomous car hits another vehicle);

2. AI often has to identify vehicles, people, roads, sidewalks, traffic signals, buildings or other items. To do this, AI relies on robotic vision (cameras, radar, infrared, sonar, etc.), sensors, and recordings. Things may not look the same to AI as it does to humans

3. AI is getting closer to actual human-like consciousness. This is also often called: Super A or General AI;

4. Robots utilizing AI may sometime be seeking certain civil rights;

5. If AI commits or is involved in a crime who is guilty?

6. Privacy rights of people are potentially being eroded with AI;

7. AI has been developing a very rapid rate. AI has outpaced applicable legislation;

8. How will AI generated information be used in court? (No right of cross-examination, etc.);

9. Mass unemployment;

10. Wars;

11. Autonomous weapons;

12. Mass surveillance;

13 Discrimination;

14. Improper actions of robot doctors;

15. Wrongful financial services actions;

16. Constructing algorithms improperly;

17. Improper healthcare issues;

18. Improper insurance issues;

19. Ineffectively regulatory issues;

20. How "Reasonable man" and "proximately caused” issues in tort law would apply with AI;

21. Noncompetitive antitrust AI issues;

22. In addition to the potential benefits of the quantum issues, we also need to keep an eye on the soon to be emerging potentially harmful uses of quantum physics (QP), quantum computers (QC), quantum gravity (QG), quantum mechanics (QM) and other quantum issues;

23. Eventuality of AI hacking and subversive activities involving rules, algorithms, data, and other and/or other components;

24. Potential military autonomous killing machines (except in very rare US military cases for cause);

25. In the event of consciousness in AI, seek the embedding of ethics, clean data, bias, responsibility, error prevention, legal compliance, integrity, moral values, ethics, continuous human feedback, and proper social manner

26. AI's drones technologies and its facial recognition technologies can be used in assignations;

27. AI also can reflect the biases of the software/firmware designer/developer;

28. Eventuality of AI hacking and subversive activities involving rules, algorithms, data, and other and/or other components.;

29. Potential military autonomous killing machine (except in rare US military cases);

30. In the event of consciousness in AI, seek the embedding of ethics, clean data, bias, responsibility, error prevention, legal compliance, integrity, moral values, ethics, continuous human feedback, and proper social manners;

31. Manipulation of data is a huge issue and danger;

In “Data) it states: "It is estimated that about 16.3 Zettabyes of data - the equivalent of 16.3 trillion Gigabytes - is produced in the world each year." Wow ! Now that's Big Data !

32. "Humans Need Not Apply" Issue.

33. If a motor vehicle accident involves AI, trying to find the liable party is difficult and confusing. (i.e. an autonomous car hits another vehicle).

34. Below is a great link to a very thought-provoking article on the AI dangers to democracy and privacy in the US: "Artificial Intelligence: Risks to Privacy and Democracy - Karl Manheim* and Lyric Kaplan" 21 Yale J.L. & Tech. 106 (2010) https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=327301

LIST C: MITIGATING AI RISKS AND THREATS

1. Understand the vast complexities of AI / ML;

2. Track AI / ML reasoning;

3. Participate in rule making, algorithms development, and data gathering;

4. Use good clean structured data;

5. Allocate AI / L risk amount to the extent applicable to the parties due to benefits received by the applicable parties;

6. Start soon with Augmented AI applications;

7. Protect AI with IP such as patents and trade secrets;

8. Establish an AI team;

9. Recruit and retain AI talent;

10. Humans will need to get smarter in order to deal with AI;

11. There needs to be a legal revolution with a focus on experiential and lifetime learning;

12. Participate in government regulation of AI;

13. Make AI / ML secure;

14. Develop strong AI / ML testing prior to deployment;

15. Think like a robot.

MAJOR AI TYPES OR COMPONENTS: The following items are some of the major components that make up AI:

A. Machine Learning (ML)- Machine Learning (ML) is an application of AI that provides systems the ability to automatically learn and improve from experience without being explicitly programmed. Machine learning focuses on the development of computer programs that can access data and use it to learn fast. It allows systems to learn from data, spot repeating patterns and make decisions without explicit instructions or human intervention. It enables entities/humans to save time and resources.

ML IS BOTH THE MOST IMPORTANT ASPECT OF AI; AND THE MOST ESSENTIAL PART OF AI.

B. Big Data - See the article: "Data, Data, Everywhere", Baylor Arts and Sciences, Special Issue, Research in Arts & Sciences, Fall 2018 (by Julie Engebretson) it states: "It is estimated that about 16.3 Zettabyes of data - the equivalent of 16.3 trillion Gigabytes - is produced in the world each year." Wow! Now that's Big Data!

Dark Data (DD): DD is sometimes data that is obtained through numerous computer network operations but because it is so disorganized it is generally not used to obtain insights or for decision making.

According to Oracle: "Put simply, Big Data is larger, more complex data sets, especially from new data sources. These data sets are so voluminous that traditional data processing software just can't manage them." It includes structured and unstructured data. There is a growing belief that data is more valuable than oil.

Before data can be used in an AI use case it must be cleaned, prepared, and labeled.

Data is the heart of AI. Data is the new electricity. Cleaning data involves eliminating duplicates, deleting extraneous data, and working with data by humans to get it ready for use with the appropriate AI algorithm for a use case.

C. Artificial Neural Networks - Artificial Neural Networks are one of the main tools used in Machine Learning. As the “neural” part of their name suggests, they are brain-inspired systems which are intended to replicate the way that we humans learn. Neural Networks consist of input and output layers, as well as (in most cases) a hidden layer consisting of units that transform the input into something that the output layer can use. They are excellent tools for finding patterns which are far too complex or numerous for a human programmer to extract and teach the machine to recognize.

D. Robotics (including Robotic Vision) - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, it states: “Robotics is an interdisciplinary branch of engineering and science that includes mechanical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, computer science, and others. Robotics deals with the design, construction, operation, and use of robots, as well as computer systems for their control, sensory feedback, and information processing. These technologies are used to develop machines that can substitute for humans and replicate human actions.

Robots can be used in many situations and for lots of purposes, but today many are used in dangerous environments (including bomb detection and deactivation), manufacturing processes, or where humans cannot survive (e.g. in space). Robots can take on any form, but some are made to resemble humans in appearance. This is said to help in the acceptance of a robot in certain reputation type behaviors usually performed by people. Such robots attempt to replicate walking, lifting, speech, cognition, and basically anything a human can do. Many of today's robots are inspired by nature, contributing to the field of bio-inspired robotics.” From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia it states: "Robot vision or a Vision Guided Robot (VGR) System is basically a robot fitted with one or more cameras used as sensors to provide a secondary feedback signal to the robot controller to more accurately move to a variable target position. VGR is rapidly transforming production processes by enabling robots to be highly adaptable and more easily implemented, while dramatically reducing the cost and complexity of fixed tooling previously associated with the design and set up of robotic cells, whether for material handling, automated assembly, agricultural applications, life sciences, and more.

E. Facial Recognition - Now here is a controversial topic. A Facial Recognition (FR) system is a technology capable of identifying or verifying a person from a digital image or a video frame from a video source. There are multiple methods in which Facial Recognition systems work, but in general, they work by comparing selected facial features from given image with faces within a database. It is also described as a Biometric AI (BAI). It is an application that can uniquely identify a person by analyzing patterns based on the person's facial textures and face shape.

F. Speech Recognition - Speech Recognition (SR) is the ability of a machine or program to identify words and phrases in a spoken language and convert them to a machine-readable format. Rudimentary speech recognition software has a limited vocabulary of words and phrases, and it may only identify these if they are spoken very clearly.

G. Voice Recognition - The ability of hardware and software to recognize the voice of a person (as unique as a fingerprint). It differs fromSpeech Recognition 's ability to understand words - not the identity of a person.

H. Deep Learning - Networks capable of learning from unstructured data when the network is unsupervised.

I. Internet of Things (IoT) – See:  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_things  

J. Drones - An Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), commonly known as a drone, is an aircraft without a human pilot aboard. UAVs are a component of an Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS); which include a UAV, a ground-based controller, and a system of communications between the two. The flight of UAVs may operate with various degrees of autonomy: either under remote control by a human operator or autonomously by onboard computers. Compared to manned aircraft, UAVs were originally used for missions too "dull, dirty or dangerous” for humans.

While they originated mostly in military applications, their use is rapidly expanding to commercial, scientific, recreational, agricultural, and other applications, such as policing, peacekeeping, surveillance, product deliveries, aerial photography, agriculture, smuggling, and drone racing. Civilian UAVs now vastly outnumber military UAVs, with estimates of well over a million sold by 2019, so they can be seen as an early commercial application of autonomous things, to be followed by the autonomous car and home robot.

K. AI Algorithms - are mathematical instructions that provide step by step procedures for calculations. It is kind-of like a set of step-by-step instructions.

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GREAT URLs REGUARDING AI / ML UTLs

HERE ARE SOME REALLY GREAT AI / ML 2021 URLs.  B e sure to check them out !

1. For Americas-Most-Promising-Artificial-iIntelligence-;Companies  ... See:  https://www.forbes.com/sites/alanohnsman/2021/04/26/ai-50-americas-most-promising-artificial-intelligence-companies/?sh=30b90a2777cf  

2. 

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The Good United States Artificial Intelligence is a "Sole Proprietorship" Owned and Operated by JOHN (JOHNNY) E.  MILLER .

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WEB MASTER - FOUNDER

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